Modelling And Analysis Of Climate Change - Free Essay Example

1. Executive Summary The burning topic throughout the world is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Climate Changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The close linkage between economic growth of the country and Greenhouse gas emission is indeed a serious debate. Development in industrial sectors will naturally increase GDP accompanied by emissions. However increase in GDP will pay way for higher standard of lifestyle and more income which results in increased consumption of energy and hence more emissions. The alarming global warming and the pressures of international treaties to reduce the emissions have triggered to analyse the relationship between economic growth (GDP) and Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. The relationship between GDP and Co2 emission for different countries are studied using regression-correlation model for a particular timeframe and in order to gain further insight on the emission curve, time series analysis is studied for few developed and developing countries. The data for analysis are taken from UN database and World data bank database. The relationship between GDP and Co2 emission could be drawn after analysing the linear regression equation and correlation factors of different countries. 2. Introduction Climate Change is a serious and long pending issue which seeks continuous solutions. The earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s climate change is mainly due to greenhouse gases triggered by human activities. Carbon di Oxide (CO2), the principal greenhouse gas is emitted by various means. Industrialization and technology have negatively impacted the environment by emitting the GHGs and discharging other pollutants. Fuel combustion accounts for the high amount of CO2 emission and there exists a strong correlation between total fuel emissions and CO2 emissions. Transportation and energy industries emit more percentage of CO2 emissions. Positive correlation exists between CO2 emission and total energy consumption. Hence the inferred fact is countries that emit more CO2 are those that consume more energy. As seen from the below graph, emission varies Figure 1: Change in GDP and CO2 emissions for 25 countries. Source: Change  in GDP and CO2 Emissions, Top 25 Emitting Countries, 1992 to 2006 Available online: https://cait.wri.org 3. Literature Review Various Climate models states that doubling of Green house gases (GHGs) will increase the temperature by 2-5 degree celcius in global mean temperatures. As per forecast, this level may reach by the year 2030 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2060. There may arise a situation wherein the effect of climate change may cause further amplification by releasing other GHGs. The recent level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is equivalent to 430 parts per million (ppm) CO2 compared with only 280ppm before the Industrial Revolution. By 2035, the level of CO2 emission could be reached 550ppm (CO2e) which implies a global increase in temperature of 2 degree Celsius. The below figure depicts the increase in GHGs emiited due to various activities. Increase in CO2, Kyoto gases (include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, PFCs, HFCs and SF6) and Clorofluro Carbons(CFCs) are depicted. Figure 2: Emisiion of Greenhouse gases over time period 1850 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1990. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Figure 3: Green House gases emissions by Source. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm Figure 4: World CO2 Emissions by Region Forecast Source: World CO2 Emissions by Region, Available at : https://photos.mongabay.com/09/forecast_co2.jpg Global emissions are expected to rise due to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"business as usualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities. The Kaya identity identifies total CO2 emissions as factors of population, GDP, energy intensity and carbon intensity. CO2 emissions from energy à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¡ Population x (GDP per head) x (energy use/GDP) x (CO2 emissions/energy use) Thus any à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increases in world GDP will tend to increase global emissions, unless income growth stimulates an offsetting reduction in the carbon intensity of energy use or the energy intensity of GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Stern Report on economies of Climate change). The differing amount of emission is due to varied attributes depending on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development. The correlation between CO2 emission per head and GDP per head over the period 1960-1999 for 163 countries was 0.9. A recent research in US claims that 1% increase in GDP per head will cause 0.9% increase in emissions per head. Figure 5: Projected Co2 emissions. Source: Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm Co2 emissions are high for developed countries than developing countries. Because of technological growth and economic development due to energy intensive industrial sectors in developing countries, the CO2 emission is increasing for developing countries. However in developed rich nations, due to shift towards service based economy and outsourcing activities, the CO2 emissions have decreased after reaching peak. Environmental Kuznets Curve EKC states that as income increases, the emission also increases upto a threshold limit of income after which the emissions will decrease. This takes a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“inverted U shapedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? relationship between the variables. From economic theory perspective, two reasoning have arose to explain the linkage between variables (GDP vs emission): First, the Kuznets behaviour is an income effect and initially investment in environmental quality was not encouraged. But when the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“turning pointà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is reached, demand for investments towards environmental quality arises. Thus after turning point, indicators points that there is a decrease in emission. Second reasoning states that EKC is a replica of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stages of economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, wherein they make a transition from agricultural to industrial and then from post-industrial to service based economy (Moomaw and Unruh 1997). Since the economy finally moves towards a service based economy, there is downward shift in emission level. In another words, it can be said that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“economies pass through technological life cycles, moving from smokestack technology to high technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Moomaw and Unruh 1997) Figure 6: Environmental Kuznets Curve Source: Moomaw,W.R., Unruh,G.C., Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us?, Available online: https://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/archives/moomawpaper.pdf However EKC curve was not accepted by many theorists. Dinda2004 and Stern Review states that since the emissions are mentioned as a function of income. An increase in production/engineering activities causes emission and thereby income. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The corollary is that environment pollution is best addressed through economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (World bank, 1992). Many argued that Granger causality exists between economic growth and pollution (Coondoo Dinda, 2002; Dinda Coondoo, 2006; Akbostanci et al., 2009; Lee Lee, 2009). Granger Causality does not mean that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“X causes Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? instead it implies that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“X possesses useful data for predicting Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This piece of work raises some question because it considers the relationship between economic growth and pollution in a bivariate environment (Stern, 1993, 2000). The relationship between economic growth and emission trends differs for developed countries, developing countries and Oil rich countries. Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto protocol was established on 11 Dec 1997, is the protocol of   United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  (UNFCCC  ) designed with the objective of lessening global warming by reducing the GHGs emission into the atmosphere. About 187 states signed by Nov 2009. G77 (union of 77 countries) recognized that developed countries contributed high proportion of GHGs in the atmosphere and developing countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emissions are less and they will emit more percentage of emissions to satisfy their economic needs. The agreement of the Kyoto protocol and further negotiations has triggered the issue on the linkage between CO2 emission and economic growth. Critics claim that economic growth increases emission and any efforts to reduce emissions will have a negative impact on economic growth (The Russian Journal, 2003). Participation  in the Kyoto Protocol, as of June 2009, where dark green indicates the countries that have signed and ratified the treaty, grey is not yet decided and red is no intention to ratify. Figure 7: Kyoto Protocol Signatories Source: Wikipedia.org Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol As per Stern review (2004), it was stated that many attributes collage to generate EKC as development in manufacturing/production, change in mix of output/input and technological advancements. Each attribute is decided by various fundamental variables. In theory many factors interact based on assumptions to generate EKC. It is presumed that the economy shifts towards less developed countries as growth occurs. Due to initial production/manufacturing activities, the pollution per capita increases but gradually it is due to alteration in output mix. Another reasoning assumes that quality of the environment is a costly piece and environmental protection act increases with per capita income. (Grubb et al., nd). Few research states that emissions increases with income growth and few others notice a twist/turning points. Shafik (1994) states that the emissions increases with income and there exists no deviation. However Holtz-Eakin and Selden (1995) claims that the twist arises at a point of $35,418 while Neumayer (2004) mentions the range as $55,000 and $90,000 as deviation point based on assumptions. The impact of oil price shocks on CO2 emissions of various countries is studied by many analysts. Lanne and Liski (2004) did a study for 16 countries for the years 1870 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2028 and confirmed that in many cases, the oil price shock resulted in decreased Co2 emission when compared with the past years. The structural developed model indicates the any upsurge in oil prices is associated with the positive to negative emission elasticity (Moomaw and Unruh 1997). Friedl and Getzner (2003) conducted a study for one country Austria and confirmed that amidst oil price blow, CO2 emissions increased with GDP after 1975, but at a slower pace. It is thus worth mentioning that it is the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s circumstances that decides how it should react to external blows and to change in economic growth. Based on the varying perspectives of literature, it is necessary to do correlation and regression analysis to state if there is high correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. 4. Data Considerations The data for analysis is derived from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“World data bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? data catalog and UN database. The GDP (billion $) and CO2 emission (billion kg) for the year 2006 for 53 countries are derived from UN database. The sample countries are filtered based on the GDP. Only the countries with GDP of $30000 are taken into consideration. The final sample size is 53. The data GDP per capita (PPP) and Co2 emission (metric tons per capita) used in Figures 8 to draw trends for a period of 25 years for 5 years are taken from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"World data bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ database. 5. Analysis and Interpretation The variable being predicted or described, denoted by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is called dependent variable. The variable that is used to predict the value of dependent variable is called independent variable. The economic growth of different countries (GDP per capita) is the independent variable along X axis, that is used to estimate the value of CarbondiOxide emission, the dependent variable which is along the Y axis. Simple Linear Regression Model is the equation which relates how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is related to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and to an error variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ÃŽÂ µÃƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is given by y = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1x + ÃŽÂ µ Simple Linear Regression Equation is the equation that links the independent and dependent variable and is given by E(y) = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1x . The estimated simple linear regression equation developed from sample data is given by Ã…Â ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = b0 + b1x where b0 is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"y interceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and b1 is the slope and Ã…Â ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  is the predicted value of y for a given value of x. 5.1. Scatter Diagram Scatter diagram is used to determine the strength of relationship between GDP and Co2 emission. If the correlation coefficient is zero, it implies that there exists no correlation. However if the value is close to +1, it implies they are perfectly correlated and if the value is -1, it implies they are negatively correlated. The value of correlation coefficient can be found using the CORREL function in MS Excel. Figure 8 : GDP Vs CO2 emission (for 53 countries) Best Fit Regression model. The Chart depicts the regression equation and the coefficient of determination. Y = 0.453x + 96.165 The slope of the line is 0.453 which shows that slope is positive and there exists a positive linear relationship ie as GDP increases CO2 emission also increases. The Y intercept value is 96.165 as seen from chart. The slope and intercept are determined so as to reduce the error in predicting. Best fit line equation Co2 emission = (0.453 * GDP per capita) + 96.165 R2 = 0.5853 which shows there exists a moderate positive correlation between GDP and CO2 emission. The correlation strength between GDP and CO2 for various countries differs greatly. For developed countries there exists a weak correlation, but for developing countries there exists a strong correlation and hence the final result is a moderate positive factor. Thus the graph depicts that there exists correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. The points that are little farther from the best fit line corresponds to countries like US, UK, Japan, China and India. The GDP and Co2 emission trends for these countries would be discussed in the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"time seriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ analysis section. To measure the goodness fit for the linear equation, the value of Co2 emission is determined with and without Linear model. (Calculation for best fit without using linear model is listed in Appendix). The performance can be better understood by error reduction in linear model. If the value is near to 0, it implies error is not reduced. In our case, the coefficient of determination is 0.5853 which means that the error variance is lessened by 58.53% using linear model. 5.2. Regression analysis It depicts how or to what degree the variables are linked with each other and regression analysis cannot be utilized for defining à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cause and Effectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ relationship. R2 is the coefficient of determination that is used to evaluate the goodness of fit for the estimated regression equation. Correlation coefficient represents the measure of the strength of linear assosciation between two variable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The scatter plot of GDP Vs Co2 emission can be best fitted by a straight line. Figure 9: Regression Data analysis Excel Output 5.2.1. t Test : 5.2.2. ANOVA output: 5.2.3. F test: F test based on the F probability distribution, is used to test for significance The value in cell F12 is the p-value associated with the F test for significance. Given the value of significance ÃŽÂ ± (=0.01), it can be decided if H0 can be rejected or not. H0 can be rejected if p-value is less than alpha (ÃŽÂ ± =0.01). As per table, the p-value is 2.57E-11 ÃŽÂ ± (0.01). Hence we can reject the hypothesis H0 and thereby conclude that there exists a significant relationship between GDP and CO2 emission. The t-test for significance is equivalent to the F-test for significance in simple linear regression and hence the p-values offered by both means are identical. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Significance Fà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is used to identify the p-value for the F-test for significance. Standard error occurs twice in the output. In regression statistics, it refers to s , the estimate of ÃŽÂ ±. In estimated regression equation section of the output, it refers to Sb1, the estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of b1. As seen from the Regression statistics output, the coeeficient of determination is 0.585 and the correlation coefficient is 0.577; the standard error that is used to identify the value of s, the estimate of ÃŽÂ ± is 742.02. 5.3. Analysis of Emission and GDP relations: The relationship between GDP and CO2 emission for different countries will be discussed in this section. The graph shows the GDP- CO2 trends for different countries for the year 2006. The scatter diagram depicts that there exists a positive correlation between GDP and Co2 emission. Only countries with GDP more than 30000 ($) are considered. The list of countries taken as samples are listed in Appendix. Figure 10: GDP trends for 25 years for 5 countries Figure 10: CO2 emission trends for 25 years for 5 countries 5.3.1. Time Series analysis for developing nations: The GDP CO2 emission trends for few developing countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" India, China, Japan are taken into consideration to study the CO2 emission patterns over the years. Panayotou (2000) states that it is inapt to use static data on CO2 emission and GDP of various countries to determine the linkage between two variables for a country over a timeframe. Hence time series analysis is utilized to analyse the relationship between GDP and CO2 emission for different countries over a period of 25 years. Figure 11: Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 12: Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 13: Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year There has been a tremendous significant growth in developing countries in the last 20-30 years. The evolution process of Co2 emission from a timeframe of transition to maturity can be better understood by analyzing the developing countries which have gained noteworthy economic progress. GDP per capita for China was growing much faster than Co2 emission. Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Co2 emission is similar to Ukà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s emission and Japan has experienced a high economic progress in the last 20 years. Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2002 GDP was 99% that of 1982 GDP and its Co2 emission was 114% that of 1982 emission. This depicts how carbon emissions are highly related with the growth of the nations economy. This is further supported from scatter diagrams of developing countries which represents the coefficient of determination and regression equation. India , China and Japan exhibits a correlation of 0.93, 0.92 and 0.92 respectively. (Figure 11, 12, 13) 5.3.2. Time Series analysis for Developed Countries: The figure 10 and 11 shows the GDP and Co2 emission for 5 countries for a period of 25 years. The graph clearly illustrates the the explicit growth of GDP and CO2 emissions of US and UK over the years. UK and US economy were the primitive economies to industrialize and established a stable position in the world market. The increase in GDP for both the countries depicts the steady economic growth over the years. However there exists slight dip in the CO2 emission cureve for both the countries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" US and UK which is due to the upsurge of oil price. Inspite of stable growth, the emission per capita for US did not vary much within the 25 years. However for UK, the emission per capita is decreasing over the years. Hence the statement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" GDP growth will increase the Co2 emissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is subjected to question. Figure 14: United Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Figure 15: United Kingdomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s GDP Vs CO2 emission for 25 year Hamilton and Turton ( 2000 ) points out that US and UK have taken enormous steps to reduce emission by implementing energy-efficient programs. UK has reduced its fossil fuel consumption and hence there is a downward shift for emission. However in US, the electricity consumption is too high and hence there is no deep fall in Co2 emission. The EU also moved towards energy efficient production system and they adopted to low carbon fuels. Thus the figure 14 and 15 shows that there exists a weak correlation between Co2 emission and economic growth due to above reasons. This clearly proves why we got a R2 = 0.58 in spite of high correlation for developing countries and weak correlation for developed countries. 5.4. Analysis of rates of economic growth and Co2 emission: Increasing awareness on global warming have paved way for international treaties like Kyoto protocol which sets boundaries for carbon emissions as a basic step to reduce the emissions. The below figure shows the plot for OECD countries for 20 years. OECD countries are listed in Appendix. As seen from the figure, GDP and emissions have increased and decreased over the years and it is thus difficult to conclude if economic progress is linked with either growth or fall in emissions for a time period. Figure 16: Yearly growth emissions and income for OECD countries Source: Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf The below figure shows the percentage change in emission and GDP for EIT (Economy In Transition) countries. Economic growth was visible in many countries after the transition period. Fischer and Sahay (2000) claims that the countries that have adhered strictly to reform measures have experienced faster economic growth. The chart clearly shows that emissions have increased with GDP which supports the statement that GDP growth is linked with Co2 emission but other attributes do play a vital role in maintaining this positive relationship. Figure 17: GDP and emission changes for EIT countries. Source: Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf 6. Conclusion: The core of sustainable development is to reconcile economic growth and quality of the environment. Based on the analysis, it is difficult to firmly state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Co2 emission increases with GDP alwaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The datasets of OECD and EIT countries resulted in different conclusions. Analyzing the real dynamic trajectory by phase diagrams demonstrates that the pollution trajectory pattern depends on internal policy decisions and other exogenous factors. Over the years, economic growth of OECD countries is linked with the increasing, decreasing and steady trends of emissions. However for EIT countries, majority of the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ emissions increased with the economic growth but the amplitude of the growth varies greatly due to other attributes. Though there exists a linear relationship between GDP and Co2 emission, it cannot be said that the relationship will be stable forever due to various macroeconomic factors and international pressures. The GDP-CO 2 emission relationship for developing/EIT countries is highly correlated and when the country gains the status of mature status, it is the countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ external factors and its reform measures that decides the relationship between GDP and Co2 emission. 7. References: Fischer, S., and Sahay, R., 2000. The Transition Economies after Ten Years, NBER Working Paper 7664. Friedl, B. and Getzner, M., 2003. Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy, Ecological Economics, 45(1), 133-148. Grubb,M., Butler,L., Feldman,O., Analysis of the Relationship between Growth in Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Growth in Income, Available online: https://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/rstaff/grubb/publications/GA12.pdf, accessed on 20 june 2010. Hamilton, C. Turton, H., 2002. Determinants of emissions growth in OECD countries, Energy Policy, 30, 63-71. Holtz-Eakin, D., Selten, T.M., 1995. Stoking the fires? CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth, Journal of Public Economics, 57, 85-101. Lanne, M., and Liski, M., 2004. Trends and Breaks in per-capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1870-2028, The Energy Journal, 25 (4), 41-65. Moomaw,W.R., Unruh,G.C., Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us?, Available online: https://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/archives/moomawpaper.pdf, accessed on 18 June 2010. Neumayer, E., 2004. National Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Geography Matters, Area, 36(1), 33-40. Panayotou, T., 2000. Economic growth and the environment. CID Working Paper 56, Harvard. Shafik, N., 1994. Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46, 757-773. Stern review on economies of Climate Change. Available at: https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm , accessed on 18 June 2010 The Russia Journal, Kyoto Treaty Discrimnates Against Russia, 6th October 2003. https://data.un.org/, accessed on 21 June 2010 https://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog, accessed on 23 June 2010 World Bank, 1992. The World Bank Development Report 1992: Development and the Environment, Washington DC: The World Bank.

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PhD Essay Topics About Frank Sinatra

<h1>PhD Essay Topics About Frank Sinatra</h1><p>If you will compose a PhD or MA paper in English research, you will need to be certain that your point about Frank Sinatra is on the right lines. All great Ph.D. proposal have legitimate points and appropriate data about the subject matter.</p><p></p><p>If you don't have the foggiest idea what you are doing, it is never a smart thought to counterfeit any of your unique research paper themes. It is highly unlikely to demonstrate or discredit unoriginality. So on the off chance that you need to incorporate sections from unique sources, you have to do it by demonstrating you composed it first.</p><p></p><p>Not excessively quite a while in the past, the hypothesis of written falsification was utilized by copyright infringers and the individuals who don't keep scholarly respectability. It has been utilized as a reality discovering apparatus to make sense of whether somebody ha d lifted a thought from another person. However, this doesn't help in your thesis since when somebody composed it, they are the main ones who can be demonstrated liable. While literary theft might be viewed as a genuine wrongdoing, it isn't legitimately viewed as a doctoral level college offense.</p><p></p><p>When you do an English exposition, there are two things that will matter: is it dependent on unique thoughts or in the event that it is a piece of a unique research paper themes about Frank Sinatra. Essentially, in the event that you counterfeited any of your unique research paper subjects about Frank Sinatra, your thesis did not depend on unique thoughts and you may wind up in a difficult situation. Sometimes, you may even wind up with your degree revoked.</p><p></p><p>The best arrangement is to maintain a strategic distance from unoriginality. Your exposition ought to incorporate an outline of your unique research paper subjects and some unique material notwithstanding a couple of entries from unique sources. Likewise, you should make a point to utilize just unique sources and just those that contain precisely the same material that you utilized in your unique research paper themes about Frank Sinatra.</p><p></p><p>Once you have composed the whole postulation and it is submitted to your exposition council, a board will take a gander at your whole paper and choose whether or not to acknowledge your theory. A board of trustees will consider the entirety of your focuses exclusively and choose if you are sufficient to get a PhD degree. On the off chance that the advisory group endorses your postulation, at that point you can be certain that it will be thought of and affirmed by most universities.</p><p></p><p>If you are worried about whether your proposition will be acknowledged, you can present your theory for evaluate by an educator who isn't subsidiary with yo ur exposition panel. By presenting your theory for evaluate, you can ensure that you are not copying at all and furthermore hear a second point of view of your exposition. Along these lines, you will have another arrangement of eyes investigating your paper before it is formally sent to the university.</p>

Personal Statement On Self Awareness Essay - 1371 Words

Self-Awareness Today I was very apprehensive about having to work solo. It felt nerve-wracking to have my own patient and the pressure was on to ensure that I was completing all of the assessments, vitals and medication administration correctly and on time. I was surprised that I did not think about the patient having cancer once during the experience. Previously, I thought that given that I am on an oncology unit I would be constantly aware of the patients having cancer and struggle with feeling hopeless for them. It was actually the opposite and I did not view the patient as their illness, but just as an individual who was living with their illness. I was also aware of how much my patient and I connected over small things such as sports and current news. We only placed focus on his health when doing assessments and vitals otherwise, I could tell he liked to have something else to talk about. I also felt relieved towards the end at how well I did working alone compared to what I had imagined in th e beginning of the clinical rotation. I am still aware of a sense of anxiety at having to increasingly do more by myself however, I feel that if I approach each day like I did today then it will be a great learning experience. Description Today, the patient I was in charge of was an elderly man who had relapsed AML. I was able to administer the morning and noon meds, conduct vitals and conduct assessments. He was very pleasant and enjoyed joking about what was on the televisionShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Self Awareness1317 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper will provide a glimpse of my non-cognitive traits such as self awareness, empathy, passion and fortitude. The process of being self-aware is not always easy, but is a worthwhile and magnanimous achievement. 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I will reflect on my evolving sense of professional identity, and will discuss my growth in terms of self-awareness. I will further deliberate about my knowledge of the Social Work profession. My current understanding of the profession, and activities, tasks and roles that I may undertake in a placement situation The Social Work profession in Ontario is a complete, accreditedRead MoreGraduation Speech : Students, Faculties, Families And Friends961 Words   |  4 Pagesskills. During the first week, we learned our top five leadership strengths, self awareness and self confidence as leaders. Through these, we learned how to use our strengths to form our identities and become great leaders. The second week focused on individual core values and its impact on each decisions, whether big or small. As we age and grow, our values are shaped, modified and play an important aspect in our self identity and leadership style. The third week highlighted improvement in leadershipRead MoreThe American Nurses Association ( Ana ) And The Health Ministries Association1272 Words   |  6 Pageshealth promotion (Breisch, Hurley Moore, 2013). The ANA and HMA (2012) noted that an FCN offers services to faith community members and people in the neighborhood. The services provided range from case management, health education, patient advocacy, personal health counseling, coordination of volunteers, to acting as a liaison and referral agent between the people and health care sector. Therefore, an FCN serves as an advocate for patients and can teach the community about a particular disease to improveRead MoreMulticultural Awareness As A Clinical Mental Health Counselor965 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural Awareness This paper will introduce and define the need for Multicultural awareness as a clinical mental health counselor. It will further explore examples of various topics in Multicultural counseling such as: Racial and ethnic diversity, gender and social economic status. As a result of this research, in Multicultural awareness, the self-assessment rendered the identity of myself. It allowed me to realize what and who I was as â€Å"other.† In realizing who I was as â€Å"other†, I saw my own self-identity

Writing a Sample of Why You Want to Join This School

Writing a Sample of Why You Want to Join This SchoolHave you ever thought about writing a sample of why you want to join this school? This is a standard request for all prospective students. Many colleges and universities often receive many applications and it is important to have a simple response to answer so that the prospective student knows how to send their application to make it more appealing. Here are some examples of why you want to write a sample of why you want to join this school.One of the most common reasons for seeking to join a school is because you want to help others. In order to do this, you will need to know how to write an essay. Therefore, your sample of why you want to join this school should include some information about writing a persuasive essay. It should also include tips on how to properly answer the application essay questions in your letter of admission.Another reason why you would need to know how to write a persuasive essay is because you want to se e how well you know the subject matter that you will be studying at your college or university. Of course, the level of knowledge required to become a professional writer is not the same as the ability to know a lot about engineering or biology. Nevertheless, if you are really serious about becoming a teacher, there is nothing that will deter you from trying.The next reason that you need to write a sample of why you want to join this school is that it will give you a little insight into what the curriculum is like. Many universities have programs for students that allow them to take independent study courses. However, for some, this is enough to justify the high cost of tuition.If you do decide to take the independent study program, you can start out by writing your own research papers. You can also provide examples of your own writing to help others better understand what you will be doing at the college or university. After all, if you can explain what is being written about, they can just read what you write and get an idea of what you expect them to learn in the course.It is also important to know that you can learn to write your own essay. For example, many people can write an essay without learning how to structure a sentence or how to use simple grammar. However, if you write your own essays, you will learn exactly how to organize your thoughts and ideas in order to make them flow more easily. In addition, you will learn how to make decisions quickly and be more persuasive in your writing.Lastly, knowing how to write a persuasive essay is one of the most important reasons why you want to join this school. The ability to persuade others to help you is something that every college or university needs. If you really want to help others, then you will need to learn how to communicate effectively and persuade your audience in ways that they will find persuasive.Writing a sample of why you want to join this school is an essential skill for most writers. It is important to note that, as a rule, the higher-level writing classes are for the students who want to be professors or who already hold teaching positions in colleges and universities. Even so, if you want to earn your doctorate degree, then you will need to know how to write a persuasive essay.

The Working Poor in America Essay - 1153 Words

The Working Poor in America The United States, a place where anyone can â€Å"pick themselves up by the bootstraps† and realize the American dream of a comfortable lifestyle. Well, for over 30 million Americans this is no longer possible. Though we live in the richest and most powerful country in the world there are many who are living under or at the precipice of the poverty level, â€Å"While the United States has enjoyed unprecedented affluence, low-wage employees have been testing the American doctrine that hard work cures poverty† (The Working Poor, 4). This translates to families of four making around 18,850$ a year. And as soon as they find work or move just slightly above that 18,850$ a year (which is still a meager and deprived way to†¦show more content†¦And this is why the cycle of poverty is so hard to break; since every penny they make is spent on everyday needs, nothing is left to act as a support system for them when they fall (getting fired, major crisis, etc.). This lack of â€Å"support systems† is why the poor ultimately fail to advance. Throughout the last decade the federal government has issued billions of dollars into work supports, but due to unorganized tactics they have failed at eliminating poverty, â€Å"law makers have poured billions of dollars into ‘work supports’ such as child-care subsidies and employment tax credits. Yet no one in Washington seemed to think about assembling these services in a coherent package that would be accessible and convenient to struggling workers† (The American Prospect). The answer, according to Sharon Parrott, director of welfare reform and income support division at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, â€Å"says it [policy] would have three components: convenient one stop service centers; streamlined application forms; and generous income ceilings so that a working parent doesn’t lose eligibility for, say, health insurance the minute he or she climbs abo ve the povertyShow MoreRelated The Working Poor in America Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Working Poor in America The concept of the working poor has gained prominence in the post-welfare reform era. As welfare rolls shrunk, the focus shifted from the dependent poor to the working poor. It was obvious that without substantial outside support, even families with full-time low-wage workers were still earning less than the official poverty line. And while American society purports that anyone can prosper if they work hard enough, it became apparent that with inadequate opportunityRead MoreThe Working Poor: Invisibe in America Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pages well paying job, and have a secure family. In the renowned novel The Working Poor: Invisible in America by David K. Shipler he captures those Americans who live invisible in America that work so hard to suffer from the psychological effects of poverty. Not only does Shipler do that but he also indirectly talks about the â€Å"American Myth† and the â€Å"American Anti Myth through the lives on these individuals.† In The Working Poor Shipler goes on to explain both of the myths. Shipler states that the AmericanRead MoreDavid K. Shipler s Work1696 Words   |  7 Pages David K. Shipler went on a journey trying to reveal the truth about Americas working poor. It was a little difficult trying to find different ways of getting enough information about the life of the poor, and getting them to feel comfortable explaining the stressful life that they lived in America the great. There were many different aspects and situations about people that were struggling to make it in America. David K. Shipler used many different research methods on this project, and wentRead MoreHow Americans Are Not Getting What They Came For America?1015 Words   |  5 PagesSince its discovery North America has been a home for the dreamers, the desirous, and the world changers. This can be attributed to many things, but the idea is always consistent. America holds a promise; holds a certain kind of hope. Some call it luck, but others would call it the American dream. The idea that one can take nothing and turn it into something beautiful and new is at the root of our civilization. Though in the past half a century, America and its economy has drastically changed, asRead MoreThe Working Poor1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe working poor are those people that work the hardest for their dollar, work the hardest to get their paychecks, work the hardest to survive. Most of the working poor live paycheck to paycheck and like the saying goes, â€Å"robbing from Peter to pay Paul.† There is a way out of poverty, and there is a way for these struggling individuals to escape the perils of their life in poverty. It is not an easy road out, but it is possible. It is important for those that are born into this lifestyle to knowRead MorePoor Working Conditions in the Age of Industrialization751 Words   |  3 Pagescheap labor, and resulting in poor working conditions. The texts â€Å"Modern America is Born† by Milton Meltzer, â€Å"Robber Barons and Rebels† by Howard Zinn, and â€Å"Hostile Employers See Yourselves as Others Know You† by Samuel Gompers, talks about poor working conditions that happened during industrialization. The working conditions in the late 1800s and the early 1900s were very poor. In 1869 the completion of the first transcontinental railroad was a new development in America. The railroad was built mostlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Industrial Park By Patricia Galvao1275 Words   |  6 Pages Industrial Park by Patricia Galvao is book referencing to the industrialization going on in Latin America in late 19th century and early 20th. The book goes into both views and lives of the proletariat working class and the bourgeoisie middle to upper class. The book helps with understanding the ghastly and rough working conditions in factories for the working class. The dingy living conditions for workers apposed to the luxury of the bourgeoisie and the wealth they have from the exploitation ofRead MoreWhat’S So Great About America?. In The Essay â€Å"What’S So1471 Words   |  6 PagesWhat’s So Great about America? In the essay â€Å"What’s so great about America† by Dinesh D’Souza, the India born author shares his experience while living in America. D’Souza first starts his essay saying â€Å"Here is a country where everything works†(D’Souza 237-238), everything from the highway sign to properly working public toilets. He also emphasized how overwhelmed an immigrant can find themselves while visiting a supermarket for the first time. 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Theodore Dreiser, knowing the volatile state America was built upon, highlighted the economic differences between the wealthy and the poor in his novel Sister Carrie. During the eighteenth century, America had transformed from a simple homestead into an ornate country. Within the bustling empire, the wealthy were able to live lavish

Pregnancy And Infection Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Pregnancy And Infection. Answer: Pregnancy and infection The above research article describes about the complexity of the immune response occurring at the times of pregnancy of a woman. The immune response by the placenta for specific pathogens affects the vulnerability of the woman to infectious diseases (Mor Cardenas, 2010). It is necessary to assess the interaction of the pathogenic microbes with the placenta and its responses to make an appropriate prophylaxis therapy. Researches regarding this issue have been done by many scientists. This topic has been researched by Gil Mor, Ingrid Cardenas, Vikki Abrahams, and Seth Guller, who had been researching in the department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive sciences. They have focused on the exigent question whether the maternal immunity acts as a friend or enemy during pregnancy. They have tried to establish a new paradigm for the fetal -maternal immune reaction during pregnancy and also the immunological response of the mother to various pathogens. According to the author, their main challenge is to throw light upon the immunological complications of pregnancy for delivering the appropriate treatment to the patients with pregnancy (Mor et al., 2011). During pregnancy the human desidua consists of large number immune cells such as the macrophages, the regulatory T cells and the natural killer cells. At the time of the first trimester the dendritic cells, the NK cells and macrophages infiltrates the desidua and aggregates around the trophoblast cells that are i nvading. reduction of the immune cells terminates the pregnancy (Pazos et al., 2012). Thus the deletion of the macrophages poses a detrimental effect on the placental development. This paper describes the allograft paradigm previously described in the newspaper article. According to the assumption of Sir Peter Medawar, Placenta is actually an allograft that expresses proteins derived from paternal genes and hence should be rejected under normal immunologic conditions but with the increasing knowledge about placental biology, it can be appreciated that placenta is more like a transplanted organ (Robbins Bakardjiev, 2012). The trophoblast and the maternal immunity have evolved in a cooperative way to help out each other for the success of the pregnancy. According to the Racicot ey al., (2014), there are certain immunological phases of pregnancy. The stages of pregnancy are featured by inimitable inflammatory environments. The first and the third trimester are pro-inflammatory and sec ond trimester an anti-inflammatory. During the first stage the blastocysts have to invade the uterus epithelial lining for the implantation, break the endometrial tissue, which is again followed by the substitution of the trophoblast of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscles of the blood vessels of the mother for an adequate fetal blood supply. The second immunological phase consists of a rapid fetal growth. In the last immunological phase there is an influx of the immune cells. The pro-inflammatory environment causes uterus contraction, expulsion of the baby and placenta rejection. This turmoil of inflammatory response affects the host microbe interaction and caters to different types of infections in would be mothers (Mor et al., 2011). An article related to this topic is pregnancy and infection by Athena P. Kourtis, M.D., Ph.D., Jennifer S. Read, M.D., M.P.H., and Densie J.Jamieson, M.D., M.P.H. The paper had been published from the Division of the reproductive health and promotion, Centers of the disease control and prevention, Atlanta and the Department of the epidemiology and Biostatistics. Kourtis et al.., 2014, have stated that in comparison to the non pregnant women, pregnant woman are more susceptible to infections by viruses like influenza, hepatitis E and Herpes Simplex virus. Pregnancy is featured by its tolerance towards the placenta and the fetus, which allows the growth of the foreign tissue without rejection (Kourtis et al., 2014). The increased level of Estrogen and the progesterone may suppress the humoral immunity by suppressing the production of the B cell in the bone marrow. The ineffective immune response towards viral infections lies in the level of the cellular immunity (Kourtis et al., 2014). The improper immune response to the viral antigens during the gestation period occurs due to the shift in the T-helper cells from the Th-1 and the Th- 2 cytokine (Silasi et al., 2014). The main aim of both the papers is to understand the immunological steps of pregnancy and the host microbe interaction in order to make suitable preventive medications and prophylaxis for preventing infections and pregnancy loss. References Kourtis, A. P., Read, J. S., Jamieson, D. J. (2014). Pregnancy and infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2211-2218. Mor, G., Cardenas, I. (2010). The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity.American journal of reproductive immunology,63(6), 425-433. Mor, G., Cardenas, I., Abrahams, V., Guller, S. (2011). Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1221(1), 80-87. Pazos, M., Sperling, R. S., Moran, T. M., Kraus, T. A. (2012). The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity. Immunologic research, 54(1-3), 254-261. Racicot, K., Kwon, J. Y., Aldo, P., Silasi, M., Mor, G. (2014). Understanding the complexity of the immune system during pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(2), 107-116. Robbins, J. R., Bakardjiev, A. I. (2012). Pathogens and the placental fortress. Current opinion in microbiology, 15(1), 36-43. Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J. Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., Mor, G. (2015). Viral infections during pregnancy. American journal of reproductive immunology, 73(3), 199-213.